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![]() It seems that measuring contralateral pulmonary vascularization by 2D color Doppler or 3D power Doppler is the most accurate ultrasound parameter to predict neonatal death and severe pulmonary arterial hypertension. Various fetal ultrasound parameters have been used to predict neonatal outcome in isolated congenital diaphragmatic hernia. DI, diaphragm Ductus venosus (DV) HE, heart IVC, inferior vena cava UV, umbilical vein.Ĭongenital diaphragmatic hernia is associated with pulmonary hypoplasia. Note the difference in the position of the left hepatic vein (LHV) draining into the right atrium (RA) between ( A, B). Glass-body rendering mode with high-definition Doppler showing a normal fetus ( A), and a fetus with left diaphragmatic hernia with ‘liver up’ ( B), both at 21 weeks’ gestation. These findings may help predict neurological prognosis. ![]() With transvaginal approach, 3D PDI/ HDFI can demonstrate small medullary vessels in normal and abnormal fetuses including malformations, hypoxia or infection. However, 3D power Doppler is not reliable for volume calculation because of the overrepresentation of the aneurysm and vessels, which are hollow structures. ![]() Use of 3D power Doppler rendering can well demonstrate the malformation, its feeders and dilatation of straight sinus. Vein of Galen aneurysmal malformation is a rare and complex anomaly. Further studies are required to validate the usefulness of flow index to differentiate FGR from constitutional small fetuses. Flow index was higher in the latter than normal growth fetuses. 3D power Doppler measurement of cerebral blood flow is significantly altered in growth restricted fetuses. ACA, anterior cerebral artery.Ī 3D volume acquisition along the transvers plane allows the reconstruction of the middle cerebral artery and the circle of Willis. Glass-body rendering mode with high-definition Doppler showing the normal course of pericallosal artery (PCA) and its main branch, and callosomarginal artery (CMA) in a fetus with severe fetal growth restriction at 31 weeks’ gestation. All 3D ultrasound examinations or STIC acquisitions were performed by the author using a Voluson E10 machine (GE Medical Systems, Zipf, Austria) equipped with a RAB6-D 2–8 MHz volumetric abdominal transducer. Selected ultrasound images were used to illustrate the use of the glass-body mode in the assessment of different abnormalities. The aim of this present review is to discuss the use of color Doppler with three- and four-dimensional (3D and 4D) ultrasonography in the evaluation of extracardiac, placental, umbilical cord and twin abnormalities after a literature review. Recently, Leung KY has reported a novel application of STIC in the visualization of abdominal precordial veins and intraplacental vascularization in singleton pregnancies. While the use of the glass-body mode in the evaluation of heart defects has been well described, there is a lack of reporting on its use in the evaluation of non-cardiac abnormalities. Using CDFI or HDFI with three-dimensional volume or spatio-temporal image correlation (STIC) in the glass-body mode allows displaying both gray-scale and color information of the heart cycle-related flow events and vessel spatial relationship. Further studies are required to investigate use of the glass-body mode in the assessment of intraplacental vascularization in singleton and twin pregnancies.Ĭolor Doppler flow imaging (CDFI), power Doppler imaging (PDI), high-definition flow imaging (HDFI), microvascular flow imaging (MVFI). The glass-body mode is complementary to conventional 2D ultrasonography. ![]() The aim of this present review is to discuss the use of color Doppler with three- and four-dimensional ultrasonography in the evaluation of extracardiac, placental, umbilical cord and twin abnormalities with examples. Recently, a novel application of STIC in the visualization of abdominal precordial veins and intraplacental vascularization in singleton pregnancies has been reported. Conventionally, STIC in the glass-body mode has been used to examine the fetal heart and assess heart defects. Using color Doppler flow imaging or high-definition flow imaging with three-dimensional volume or spatio-temporal image correlation (STIC) in the glass-body mode allows displaying both gray-scale and color information of the heart cycle-related flow events and vessel spatial relationship. ![]()
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